The principle of metal welding

The basis of welding of each of the methods is principle of metal welding, which differs depending on the type of technology used.

Thermal welding encompasses all types of welding that utilize heat energy. These include gas welding, arc welding, plasma welding, and others. Thermomechanical welding refers to welding processes that utilize heat energy and pressure. These include diffusion welding and resistance welding. Welding that utilizes mechanical energy is called mechanical welding. Examples include explosion welding, cold welding, friction welding, and ultrasonic welding. Welding is further classified by its technical characteristics:

• by the method of protecting the metal in the welding zone (in a vacuum, in air, in foam, under flux, in a protective gas);
• by the duration of the process (intermittent and continuous);
• by degree of mechanization (mechanized, automated, automatic, manual);
• protective gas (in inert gases and in active gases);
• the nature of metal protection in the welding zone (in a controlled atmosphere or with jet protection).

The principle of metal welding  According to technological characteristics, it is established for each type separately, since the specifics of their work differ.

Arc welding. This involves fusing metal edges with an electric arc, which creates intense heat and melts the metal. There are several types of this welding:

1. Manual arc welding. Performed with consumable and non-consumable electrodes.

• Consumable electrode welding is a classic welding method in which the electrode melts and the edge of the workpiece forms a pool of molten metal. Upon cooling, a weld is formed;
• A non-consumable electrode, either carbon or graphite, strikes an arc between the workpiece and the filler metal, creating a pool of liquid metal that then solidifies. It is used for welding non-ferrous metals.

2. Semi-automatic and automatic submerged arc welding.

• The arc is fed mechanized and then moved along the specified contour of the edges being welded. The flux protects the weld from external oxygen exposure. The weld quality is excellent.

3. Arc welding, when the metal is in a protective gas.

• Welding is performed with a non-consumable electrode (tungsten) or a consumable electrode. When a consumable electrode is used, the weld melts and forms a seam. With a non-consumable electrode, the weld is formed from the molten metal of the workpiece. Sometimes, a filler material is added for this purpose. A powerful jet of shielding gas displaces atmospheric air, protecting against oxidation.

4. Electroslag welding.

• is carried out by melting the metal of the welded edges of the product.

Nowadays, refractory and chemically active metals and their alloys are increasingly used in industry. The principle of metal welding This allows for the successful joining of such alloys. For this purpose, welding processes have been developed that ensure very high-quality welds using highly concentrated heat sources.